Humans and bacteria co-evolved and benefited from each other. The need for a mutually beneficial relationship with the more than 100 trillion bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract is clear. The International Human Genome Sequence Consortium identified 223 proteins from bacteria that have now been established as part of the human genome sequence set. These gut microbiota have a positive impact on human health in the areas of nutrition, metabolism, protection, and immune regulation. Imbalance of intestinal flora or the variation of intestinal flora in the biological chain can affect the normal operation of functions in many areas of the human body. probioticseverything.com
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Changes in diet, including glycemic load, fiber content, essential fatty acid composition, pH balance, and macronutrient/micronutrient composition, have a dramatic effect on the balance of the commensal flora within the gastrointestinal tract. Critical metabolic and nutritional functions of the gut microbiota include digestion, absorption, fermentation, vitamin synthesis, biotransformation, and energy production. Normal human physiological functions require activities to maintain these functions. It has been speculated that short-chain fatty acids, which provide energy to the intestinal epithelium, may also be involved in “crosstalk,” which affects the development and synthesis of the humoral and cell-mediated parts of the mucosal immune system. probioticseverything.com
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The defense and protective functions of the microbiota are constructed by a number of mechanisms, including competitive exclusion (competition for nutrient space and adhesion); ensuring normal intestinal mucosal barrier function; stimulating immunoglobulin (lg) production; creating a mucus bilayer; and producing antibacterial Substances such as bacteriocins actively stop the infection. Further nutrient stimulation of intestinal permeability and modulation by the intestinal epithelial layer is also part of the innate defense system.The most important function of the gut microbiota early in life is to develop, modulate and mature the mucosal immune system. Emerging evidence continues to demonstrate that this persistent interaction between host and bacteria that occurs in the gut is continually remodeling The immune system of nearly 70% of people’s immune system is locked in the digestive tract. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is 200 times the surface area of the skin. Defense against microbes is mediated by an early response in innate immunity, followed by a response in adaptive immunity. probioticseverything.com
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Innate immune factors include skin, mucosal epithelial cells, cytokines and macrophages. These nonspecific defense mechanisms protect against common pathogens, but stimulation of the innate immune response gradually adapts the immune system and affects its adaptive responses. The process of “oral tolerance” is an important example of this. Through the process of co-evolution, the body has developed many methods to identify microbes and modulate the adaptive immune system based on the presence of bacterial stimuli at the right time. The body differentially responds to bacterial stimuli and develops targeted responses to various bacterial structural components. probioticseverything.com
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